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Language and China's 'Practical Creativity'語言學(xué)家稱漢字阻礙創(chuàng)造力發(fā)展
Every language presents challenges - English pronunciation can be idiosyncratic and Russian grammar is fairly complex, for example - but non-alphabetic writing systems like Chinese pose special challenges.
每一門語言都會帶來挑戰(zhàn)——比如，英語的發(fā)音可能不合常規(guī)，而俄語的語法又相當復(fù)雜——然而，像中文這樣的非字母書寫系統(tǒng)，學(xué)起來則尤其困難。
There is the well-known issue that Chinese characters don't systematically map to sounds, making both learning and remembering difficult, a point I examine in my latest column. If you don't know a character, you can't even say it.
眾所周知，漢字并不和聲音系統(tǒng)對應(yīng)，這使得學(xué)習(xí)并記住這些符號十分困難。在上一篇專欄文章中，我也討論了這一點。遇到不認識的漢字，你連讀出來都辦不到。
But does a character script also exert deeper effects on the mind?
但是，方塊字書寫系統(tǒng)會對思維產(chǎn)生更深層的影響嗎？
William C. Hannas is one of the most provocative writers on this today. A linguist and author who speaks or writes 10 languages including Chinese, he believes character writing systems inhibit a type of deep creativity - but that its effects are not irreversible.
關(guān)于這個話題，威廉·C·漢納斯(William C.Hannas)是最富煽動性的作家之一。身兼語言學(xué)家和作家二職，漢納斯能說或?qū)懓h語在內(nèi)的10門語言。他認為方塊字書寫系統(tǒng)阻礙了一種深層的創(chuàng)造力——不過，這種影響并不是不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的。
He is at pains to point out that his analysis is not race-based, that people raised in a character-based writing system have a different type of creativity, and that they may flourish when they enter a culture that supports deep creativity, like Western science laboratories.
漢納斯花了很多力氣來說明自己的分析并非建立在種族基礎(chǔ)之上，還說在方塊字書寫系統(tǒng)下長大的人擁有一種不同的創(chuàng)造力，一旦進入一個支持深層創(chuàng)造力的文化，如西方的科學(xué)實驗室，這些人就會表現(xiàn)得異常優(yōu)秀。
Still, "The rote learning needed to master Chinese writing breeds a conformist attitude and a focus on means instead of ends. Process rules substance. You spend more time fidgeting with the script than thinking about content," Mr. Hannas wrote to me in an e-mail.
然而，“掌握漢字書寫所需的機械式學(xué)習(xí)造成了一種順從的態(tài)度，使學(xué)習(xí)者將重點放在方法而不是結(jié)果上。過程壓倒了實質(zhì)。你會花費更多時間玩弄筆畫，而不是對內(nèi)容進行思考，”漢納斯在一封寫給我的郵件中說道。
But Mr. Hannas's argument is indeed controversial - that learning Chinese lessens deep creativity by furthering practical, but not abstract, thinking, as he wrote in "The Writing on the Wall: How Asian Orthography Curbs Creativity," published in 2003 and reviewed by The New York Times.
但是，漢納斯的觀點確實是有爭議的——他認為學(xué)習(xí)漢語會促進實用性而不是抽象性的思考，從而削弱深層創(chuàng)造力。漢納斯在出版于2003年的《在墻上書寫：東亞正字法是如何抑制創(chuàng)造力的》("TheWriting on the Wall: How Asian Orthography Curbs Creativity,")一書中表達了這一觀點，《紐約時報》(The New YorkTimes)曾對該書進行評論。
It's a touchy topic that some academics reject outright and others acknowledge, but are reluctant to discuss, as Emily Eakin wrote in the review.
正如埃米莉·埃金(Emily Eakin)在書評中寫的那樣，這是一個敏感的話題，一些學(xué)者直接否定這一觀點，另外一些人雖然表示認可，但也不愿進行討論。
How does it work?
到底是怎樣阻礙創(chuàng)造力的呢？
"Alphabets used in the West foster early skills in analysis and abstract thinking," wrote Mr. Hannas, emphasizing the views were personal and not those of his employer, the U.S. government.
“西方使用的字母系統(tǒng)能夠培養(yǎng)早期的分析和抽象思考能力，”漢納斯寫道，并強調(diào)這只是他個人的觀點，并不代表雇傭他的美國政府。
They do this by making readers do two things: breaking syllables into sound segments and clustering these segments into bigger, abstract, flexible sound units.
之所以能起到這樣的作用，是因為字母系統(tǒng)驅(qū)使學(xué)習(xí)者去做以下兩件事情：將音節(jié)拆分成不同的音素，然后再把這些音素組合在一起，形成更大的、抽象而靈活的聲音單元。
Chinese characters don't do that. "The symbols map to syllables - natural concrete units. No analysis is needed and not much abstraction is involved," Mr. Hannas wrote.
但漢字并非如此。“漢字字符對應(yīng)著音節(jié)——天然的固定單位。它不需要分析，也不涉及太多的抽象思考，”漢納斯寫道。
But radical, "type 2" creativity - deep creativity - depends on being able to match abstract patterns from one domain to another, essentially mapping the skills that alphabets nurture, he continued. "There is nothing comparable in the Sinitic tradition," he wrote.
然而，更為根本的“第二型”創(chuàng)造力——也就是深層創(chuàng)造力——卻取決于將不同領(lǐng)域的抽象模式對應(yīng)起來的能力，本質(zhì)上就是字母體系所能培養(yǎng)的技能，漢納斯繼續(xù)寫道。“但在漢字書寫習(xí)慣中，并沒有任何類似的東西，”他寫道。
Will this inhibit China's long-term development? Not necessarily, Mr. Hannas said.
這會阻礙中國的長期發(fā)展嗎？不一定，漢納斯說。
"You don't need to be creative to succeed. Success goes to the early adapter and this is where China excels, for two reasons," he wrote. First, Chinese are good at improving existing models, a different, more practical type of creativity, he wrote, adding that this practicality was noted by the British historian of Chinese science, Joseph Needham.
“創(chuàng)造力并不是成功的必要條件。成功往往青睞早期適應(yīng)者，而中國在這一點上出類拔萃，其中有兩個原因，”漢納斯寫道。首先，中國人十分善于改進現(xiàn)有模式，而這是一種不同的、更為實用的創(chuàng)造力，漢納斯寫道，并且補充說，研究中國科學(xué)的英國歷史學(xué)家李約瑟(JosephNeedham)也提到了這樣的實用能力。
Yet there is a further step to this argument, and this is where Mr. Hannas's ideas become explosive.
但他還提出了另外一個原因，就是這個原因引發(fā)了廣泛的爭議。
Partly as a result of these cultural constraints, China has built an "absolutely mind-boggling infrastructure" to get hold of cutting-edge foreign technology - by any means necessary, including large-scale, apparently government-backed, computer hacking, he wrote.
部分是因為這些文化上的束縛，中國建立了“一個絕對令人難以置信的系統(tǒng)”來獲取先進的外國技術(shù)——還用上了所有的必要手段，包括看似有政府支持的大規(guī)模黑客行為，漢納斯寫道。
Non-Chinese R.&D. gets "outsourced" from its place of origin, "while China reaps the gain," Mr. Hannas wrote, adding that many people believed this was "normal business practice."
非中國的研發(fā)項目從其來源地“被外包”，“而中國坐享其成”漢納斯寫道，并且補充說，許多人都認為這是“正常的商業(yè)行為�！�
"In fact, it's far from normal. The director of a U.S. intelligence agency has described China's informal technology acquisition as 'the greatest transfer of wealth in history,' which I regard as a polite understatement," he said.
“實際上，這根本不正常。美國一家情報機構(gòu)的負責(zé)人說中國的非正規(guī)技術(shù)獲取是‘史上最大的財富轉(zhuǎn)移，’我認為這還是輕描淡寫的客氣說法，”漢納斯說。
Mr. Hannas has co-authored a book on this, to appear in the spring.
漢納斯與人合寫了一本關(guān)于此話題的書，該書將于明年春天出版�；鹦翘鞖饪珊�？關(guān)他們毛事。。
屌絲白富美擼管躲貓貓這不都是創(chuàng)造力嗎美利堅合眾國妨礙世界和諧,你們散伙各自獨立吧.這邏輯怎么這么混亂。。。我就是來看看是否會有人支持這個腦子有坑的專家。2013考研英語題，妥了- -
我想象形字應(yīng)該更能培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造力吧
這篇的重點難道不應(yīng)該是“非正規(guī)技術(shù)獲取”嗎？MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylsErylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleucylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarfinylalanylphenylalanylalanylalanylglycylvalythreonylprolylalanylglutaminylcysteinylphenylalanylglutamylmethionylleucylalanylleuOylisoleucylarginylglutaminyllysyhistidylprolylthreonylisoleucylprolylisoleucylglycylleucylmethionyltyrosylalanylasparaginylleucylvalylphenylalanylasparaginyllysyglycylisoleucylaspartylglutamylphenylalanylthrosylalanylglutaminylcysteinylglutamyllysylvalylglycylvalylaspartylserylvalylleucylvalylalnylaspartylvalylprolylvalylglUtaminylglutamylserylalanylprolylphenylalanylarginylglutaminylalanylalanylleucylarginylhistidylasparaginyvalylalanylprolylisoleucylprolylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylphenylalanylisoleucylcysteinylprolylprolylaspartylalanylaspartylaspartylaspartylleucylleucylarginylglutaminylisoleucylalanylseryltyrosylglycylarginylglycyltyrosylthreonyltyrOsylleucylleucylserylarginylalanylglycylvalylthreonylglycylalanylglutamYlasparainylarginylalanylalanylleucylprolylleucylasparaginylhistidylleucylValylalanyllysylleucyllysylglutamyltyrosylasparaginylalanylalanylprolylprolylleucylglutaminylglgycylphenylalanylglycylisoleucylserylalanylprolylaspartylglutaminylvalyllysylalanylalanylisoleucylaspartylalanylglycylalanylalanylglycylalanylisoleucylserylglycylserylalanylisoleucylvalyllysylisoIeucylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylHistidylasparaginyliSoleucylglutamylprolylglutamyllysylmethionylleucylalanylalanylleucyllysylvalylphenylalanylcalylglutaminylprolylmethionlysylalanylalanylthreonylarginylserine
英語確實有創(chuàng)造力啊，反正漢語是造不出這么長一個詞的，漢語最多稱呼它為：色氨酸合成酶A蛋白質(zhì)他想說正是漢字使得中國山寨力量如此雄厚么？搞到最后潛意識就是中國在竊取西方科技
繞了這么大個圈，順帶著拉漢字中個槍，這種專家適合忽悠剛才發(fā)帖質(zhì)疑漢字沒鋼管文好看的那個無腦站隊的僵尸英語能創(chuàng)造出囧，水，屌絲之類的嗎
MethionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamylserylleucylphenylalanylalanylglutaminylleucyllysylglutamylarginyllysylglutamylglycylalanylphenylalanylvalylprolyphenylalanYlvalythreonylleucylglycylaspartylprolylglycylisoleucylglutamylglutaminylsErylleucyllysylisoleucylaspartylthreonylleucylIsoleucylglutamylalanylglycylalanylasparthlalanylleucylglutamylleucylglycylisoleucylprolylphenylalanylseRylaspartylprolylleucylalanylaspartylglycylpRolylthreOnylisoleucylglutaminylasPfraginylalanylthreonylleucylarf..
不明覺厲！所以他工作了這么久只是個語言學(xué)家。對有創(chuàng)造力的人來說，語言什么的只是工具好么。
搞到最后潛意識就是中國在竊取西方科技
繞了這么大個圈，順帶著拉漢字中個槍，這種專家適合忽悠剛才發(fā)帖質(zhì)疑漢字沒鋼管文好看的那個無腦站隊的僵尸
對頭 說了一大堆都是給這個做鋪墊的利益驅(qū)動才是創(chuàng)造力的源泉，其他都是空話。
夾帶私貨的傻x一邊說著俄語語法復(fù)雜的,一邊屁顛屁顛地去學(xué)拉丁語
Language and China's 'Practical Creativity'語言學(xué)家稱漢字阻礙創(chuàng)造力發(fā)展
Every language prese.......